Pinpointing Recurrent Genomic Alterations in Breast Cancer

Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey study yields possible new treatment targets

geneticsNew Brunswick, N.J. – A genomic analysis study by Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey investigators and other colleagues has identified recurrent genomic alterations in a subset of breast cancer that are typically associated with a form of thyroid cancer and an intestinal birth defect known as Hirschsprung disease.  Data from the study, conducted in conjunction with the Avera Center for Precision Oncology in South Dakota and Foundation Medicine in Massachusetts, are being presented as part of a poster presentation during the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium being held this week.

“The precision medicine approach involving DNA sequencing to pinpoint specific alterations that can be targeted with anti-cancer therapies is becoming an alternate treatment avenue for those with resistant cancers.  But there are still some subsets of disease that are elusive to this approach.  Such is the case for triple-negative and recurrent breast cancer,” notes the study’s lead investigator Kim M. Hirshfield, MD, PhD, medical oncologist at Rutgers Cancer Institute and assistant professor of medicine at Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. With that, investigators wanted to apply a new genomic sequencing approach to help identify a subset of breast cancers that may respond to therapies already-approved for the treatment of patients with other cancers. At focus are powerful drivers of cancer growth known as 'fusion genes' that are often missed by standard sequencing approaches. 

“Breast cancer contains many complex genomic rearrangements – almost like shifting words in a sentence.  The new sentence will pass the ‘spell check,’ as all the words are correct,  but now there is a whole new meaning to the sentence,” notes Rutgers Cancer Institute Associate Director for Translational Science, Chief of Molecular Oncology and Omar Boraie Chair in Genomic Science Shridar Ganesan, MD, PhD, who is another investigator on the study. “These genes may be targeted with the right therapies, but we need to identify them first.”

Using advanced genomic sequencing techniques, 8,119 breast cancer cases were examined for 315 cancer-related genes.  Arrangements in a gene known as RET were identified in 22 cases and further evaluated for tumor development and treatment response in laboratory models. Mutations and rearrangements in RET are typically associated with subsets of thyroid cancer. Similar and newly-described RET rearrangements were observed in this breast cancer cohort. Expression of these rearrangements in normal cells caused the cells to form tumors. They cause activation of cellular pathways that support tumor growth and survival. Like thyroid cancers with these alterations, RET- altered breast cells were also killed by RET-targeting drugs. The effect was related to the specific type of rearrangement present.  Treatment of a patient with a RET-altered breast cancer with a RET-targeting drug caused a rapid clinical response, supporting the idea that these alterations are targetable in breast cancer.

“Even if these actionable genes are only found in a minority of breast cancer cases, the clinical impact may still be quite powerful, and we can get to work on developing therapeutic clinical trials,” notes Dr. Ganesan, who is also an associate professor of medicine and pharmacology at Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School.  Dr. Hirshfield agrees. “By further pinpointing certain nuances of aggressive and lethal forms of breast cancer, there is an opportunity to save more lives.”

Other investigators on the work include Bhavna S. Paratala and Sonia C. Dolfi of Rutgers Cancer Institute; Bahar Yilmazel, Alexa Schrock, Laurie Gay, Siraj M. Ali and Jeffrey S. Ross of Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Casey B. Williams and Brian Leyland-Jones of Avera Center for Precision Oncology, Sioux Falls, South Dakota; and Antreas Hindoyan and Praveen Nair of Molecular Response, LLC, San Diego, California.

The work was supported in part by a National Institutes of Health Cancer Center Support Grant (P30CA072720) and by a generous gift to the Genetics Diagnostics to Cancer Treatment Program of the Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and RUCDR Infinite Biologics. Other support comes from the Val Skinner Foundation, AHEPA, and the Ruth Estrin Goldberg Memorial for Cancer Research.

 


Other research at the symposium involving a Rutgers Cancer Institute investigator also was presented as part of a poster session. At focus was a bio-absorbable, three-dimensional marker that was sutured into the tumor bed when cancer was removed from a breast during a lumpectomy with or without breast reconstructive surgery. The device was used for radiation treatment planning to more precisely target radiation, providing “clarity in radiation targeting of tissues at greatest risk of recurrence” while sparing adjacent healthy tissue from unnecessary radiation, say the authors.  “From a radiation perspective, if you’re able to better identify where you can treat, you can in many cases use partial breast irradiation, which reduces cost, and improves patient convenience and satisfaction,” notes Rutgers Cancer Institute radiation oncologist Sharad Goyal, MD, who is the co-principal investigator on a multi-center registry established to assess use of the device over time.

Registry data from 300 patients who had the marker implanted were examined and patient demographics, breast size, tumor characteristics, surgical and radiotherapy techniques, cosmetic outcomes and follow-up documented.  Median follow-up was 10.4 months and 74 percent of patients had breast reconstruction at the time of lumpectomy. Additional data pertaining to radiation regimen, cosmetic outcome and patient satisfaction are still being collected, but investigators say early reports indicate more than 90 percent good to excellent cosmetic outcomes after surgery and radiation treatment when the three-dimensional marker was used. “With this approach, a patient’s cosmetic appearance can be better preserved because of oncoplastic rearrangement and an opportunity for less radiation to be delivered,” adds Goyal, who is also an associate professor of radiation oncology at Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. “With such an approach, a surgeon can rearrange breast tissue around the implantable device, while radiation treatment can be properly targeted.”

About Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey
Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey (www.cinj.org) is the state’s first and only National Cancer Institute-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center. As part of Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Rutgers Cancer Institute is dedicated to improving the detection, treatment and care of patients with cancer, and to serving as an education resource for cancer prevention both at its flagship New Brunswick location and at its Newark campus at Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey at University Hospital. Physician-scientists across Rutgers Cancer Institute also engage in translational research, transforming their laboratory discoveries into clinical practice that supports patients on both campuses. To make a tax-deductible gift to support the Cancer Institute of New Jersey, call 848-932-8013 or visit www.cinj.org/giving. Follow us on Facebook at www.facebook.com/TheCINJ.

The Cancer Institute of New Jersey Network is comprised of hospitals throughout the state and provides the highest quality cancer care and rapid dissemination of important discoveries into the community. Flagship Hospital: Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital. System Partner: Meridian Health (Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Ocean Medical Center, Riverview Medical Center, Southern Ocean Medical Center, and Bayshore Community Hospital). Affiliate Hospitals: JFK Medical Center, Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital Hamilton (CINJ Hamilton), and Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital Somerset.

 

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